What Is a LEO Satellite?

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are those that orbit the Earth at altitudes of up to 2,000 km. They enable fast, low-latency communication and high-resolution Earth observation by operating in a zone just above the Earth’s atmosphere, where they can maintain strong signal connections with ground stations.

LEO satellites work in interconnected constellations of hundreds or thousands of satellites to provide global coverage. This approach improves resiliency; if one satellite goes offline, others in the network can take over its coverage area.

LEO constellations like Starlink and OneWeb deliver broadband internet access in regions with limited infrastructure, while other constellations, like Iridium, support global voice and data services.

Because the satellites in a constellation are designed to work collaboratively, handing off signals between satellites to maintain uninterrupted service, LEO networks can scale efficiently and adapt to the growing global demand of connectivity.

LEO satellite evolution

The first LEO satellite was launched in 1957, proving that satellites could orbit close to Earth, and subsequent missions demonstrated the potential for scientific and communications applications in low orbit. LEO satellites started as research tools but evolved into to critical infrastructure supporting Earth observation, weather forecasting and global communications.

The development of satellite constellations has enabled real-time data transmission and global internet coverage. Over time, LEO has become the preferred orbit for satellites focused on Earth imaging, climate monitoring and disaster response. Today, LEO supports thousands of satellites and key platforms, making it one of the busiest and strategically valuable regions in orbit.

The International Space Station, launched in 1998, also operates in low Earth orbit and serves as a hub for scientific research.

Advantages of LEO satellites

It is easier and takes less fuel to launch satellites into low Earth orbit than into higher orbits, enabling more frequent missions. In addition, technological advancements have made LEO satellites more efficient and more affordable to launch, opening up new possibilities for commercial and scientific applications, including environmental monitoring. They collect data on climate patterns, for example, and support disaster response by providing up-to-date images and sensor readings from affected areas.

LEO satellites are needed for real-time applications, including video calling, autonomous navigation and emergency communications. Their low-latency performance makes them important for transmitting data quickly and reliably.

Aptiv technologies for LEO satellites

Space applications require lightweight, sealed and vibration-resistant connectors. Aptiv and our Winchester Interconnect business are working to meet the connection requirements of LEO satellites by adapting proven automotive technologies. Winchester has deep domain knowledge and a wide portfolio, while Aptiv has decades of experience developing connectors for harsh environments.

Aptiv’s Wind River supports LEO satellite networks through software capabilities. For example, we supported the complex simulation and testing of software that enables Iridium to manage its satellite constellations from the ground — a vital capability.

As we work with partners to support LEO satellite platforms, Aptiv is helping enable secure and efficient data and connectivity in orbit.